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1.
Clinics ; 75: e1277, 2020. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1055881

ABSTRACT

The gut microbiota is a group of over 38 trillion bacterial cells in the human microbiota that plays an important role in the regulation of human metabolism through its symbiotic relationship with the host. Changes in the gut microbial ecosystem are associated with increased susceptibility to metabolic disease in humans. However, the composition of the gut microbiota in those with type 2 diabetes mellitus and in the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases is not well understood. This article reviews the relationship between environmental factors and the gut microbiota in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Finally, we discuss the goal of treating type 2 diabetes mellitus by modifying the gut microbiota and the challenges that remain in this area.


Subject(s)
Humans , Gastrointestinal Tract/microbiology , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/microbiology , Microbiota/physiology , Gastrointestinal Microbiome , Ecosystem , Gastrointestinal Tract/metabolism , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism
3.
Gastroenterol. latinoam ; 30(supl.1): S9-S12, 2019. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1116065

ABSTRACT

An adequate functioning of the digestive tract, liver and pancreas is fundamental to providing the organism with the necessary conditions for its development and maintaining its digestive and systemic homeostasis. Life expectancy has increased, it is estimated that adults over 65 years old by 2050, will represent 25% of the local population. The morphological and functional changes associated with aging in the digestive system, liver and pancreas are modest except for those that occur in the microbiota. Recently it has been possible to establish the contribution of the microbiota to life expectancy and establish a link between gastrointestinal microbiota, inflammation associated with aging (inflammaging) and survival. This represents a shift in the paradigm of our understanding physiology, chronic diseases, neoplasms and for the development of new therapies.


Un adecuado funcionamiento del tubo digestivo, hígado y páncreas es fundamental para poder brindar al organismo las condiciones necesarias para su desarrollo y mantener su homeostasis digestiva y sistémica. La expectativa de vida se ha incrementado, estimándose a nivel nacional que para el año 2050 los adultos mayores de 65 años representarán el 25% de la población. Los cambios morfológicos y funcionales asociados al envejecimiento en el aparato digestivo, hígado y páncreas son modestos a excepción, de los que se producen en la microbiota. Recientemente se ha podido establecer la contribución de la microbiota a la esperanza de vida y establecer un nexo entre microbiota gastrointestinal, inflamación asociada al envejecimiento y sobrevida. Esto representa un cambio en el paradigma sobre cómo comprendemos la fisiología, las patologías crónicas, neoplásicas y en el desarrollo de nuevas terapias.


Subject(s)
Humans , Pancreas/growth & development , Aging/physiology , Gastrointestinal Tract/growth & development , Liver/growth & development , Pancreas/physiology , Pancreas/microbiology , Gastrointestinal Tract/physiology , Gastrointestinal Tract/microbiology , Microbiota/physiology , Gastrointestinal Microbiome , Liver/physiology , Liver/microbiology
4.
São Paulo; s.n; s.n; 2019. 132 p. graf, tab, ilus.
Thesis in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-995087

ABSTRACT

O controle microbiológico durante a produção de preparações farmacêuticas é de grande importância para garantir a qualidade do produto final, quanto às propriedades terapêuticas e de segurança ao paciente. O monitoramento ambiental é uma valiosa ferramenta como forma de mensurar a efetividade das medidas que integram a estratégia de controle de contaminação microbiana. Neste contexto, pouco destaque tem sido dado à manufatura de produtos farmacêuticos não-estéreis, por representarem as classes cujos riscos de contaminação microbiana são menores, quando comparados aos produtos parenterais. Dessa maneira, este estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar os isolados microbianos de amostras de ar ativo e passivo e de superfícies de áreas produtivas não-estéreis. Ainda, visou-se avaliar estatisticamente os dados de monitoramento ambiental, como base para o desenvolvimento de uma abordagem para determinação de limites de alerta e ação. Os resultados obtidos revelaram que a maioria dos microrganismos encontrados são de origem humana, seguidos por bactérias e fungos provenientes do solo. As diferenças sazonais foram observadas, principalmente, para a ocorrência de fungos, mais prevalentes no período seco. Foi desenvolvida uma abordagem estatística baseada em (1) determinação de subgrupos racionais, (2) avaliação da distribuição estatística e (3) determinação de limites, utilizando, como critério, o índice de capacidade do processo (Cpk). Um melhor entendimento do perfil microbiano das áreas produtivas e a determinação de limites de acordo com a distribuição real dos dados levará à destinação dos recursos necessários a ações que visem a qualidade do produto e a segurança do paciente


The microbiological control during the production of pharmaceutical preparations is of great importance for quality assurance of the final product regarding to therapeutic properties and patient safety. Environmental monitoring is a valuable tool to measure the effectiveness of the actions that integrate the microbial contamination control strategy. In this context, little attention has been given to the manufacture of non-sterile pharmaceutical products, because they represent classes whose microbial contamination risks are lower when compared to parenteral products. Considering this scenario, this study aimed to characterize microbial isolates from surfaces, active and passive air sampling of non-sterile manufacturing areas. Furthermore, it was expected to statistically evaluate the environmental monitoring data, as a basis for the development of an approach for determining alert and action limits. The results showed that most of the microorganisms found are from human source, followed by bacteria and fungi typically found in the soil. The seasonal differences were mainly observed for fungi recovery, which were more prevalent in the dry period. A statistical approach was developed based on (1) the determination of rational subgroups, (2) evaluation of the statistical distribution and (3) limit determination, using the process capacity index (Cpk) as criteria. A better understanding of the typical manufacturing areas microbial profile and the determination of limits according to the actual data distribution will lead to the allocation of the necessary resources to actions focusing on product quality and patient safety


Subject(s)
Pharmaceutical Preparations/classification , Environmental Monitoring/statistics & numerical data , Pharmaceutical Preparations/analysis , Environmental Statistics , Microbiota/physiology
5.
J. bras. pneumol ; 44(5): 424-432, Sept.-Oct. 2018. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-975938

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT The study of the human microbiome-and, more recently, that of the respiratory system-by means of sophisticated molecular biology techniques, has revealed the immense diversity of microbial colonization in humans, in human health, and in various diseases. Apparently, contrary to what has been believed, there can be nonpathogenic colonization of the lungs by microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Although this physiological lung microbiome presents low colony density, it presents high diversity. However, some pathological conditions lead to a loss of that diversity, with increasing concentrations of some bacterial genera, to the detriment of others. Although we possess qualitative knowledge of the bacteria present in the lungs in different states of health or disease, that knowledge has advanced to an understanding of the interaction of this microbiota with the local and systemic immune systems, through which it modulates the immune response. Given this intrinsic relationship between the microbiota and the lungs, studies have put forth new concepts about the pathophysiological mechanisms of homeostasis in the respiratory system and the potential dysbiosis in some diseases, such as cystic fibrosis, COPD, asthma, and interstitial lung disease. This departure from the paradigm regarding knowledge of the lung microbiota has made it imperative to improve understanding of the role of the microbiome, in order to identify possible therapeutic targets and to develop innovative clinical approaches. Through this new leap of knowledge, the results of preliminary studies could translate to benefits for our patients.


RESUMO O estudo do microbioma humano - e, mais recentemente, o do sistema respiratório - através de sofisticadas técnicas de biologia molecular, desvendou a imensa diversidade de colonização microbiana nos seres humanos, sejam saudáveis, sejam portadores de diferentes doenças. Aparentemente, ao contrário do que se acreditava, existe uma colonização não patogênica dos pulmões por microrganismos, como bactérias, fungos e vírus. Esse microbioma pulmonar fisiológico apresenta uma densidade baixa de colônias, porém uma elevada diversidade; por outro lado, alguns estados patológicos levam a uma perda dessa diversidade, com aumento da concentração de alguns gêneros bacterianos em detrimento de outros. Ainda, além do conhecimento qualitativo das bactérias presentes no pulmão em diversos estados de saúde ou de doença, o conhecimento avança para o entendimento da interação que essa microbiota tem com o sistema imune local e sistêmico, modulando a resposta imunológica. Compreendendo essa intrínseca relação entre a microbiota e os pulmões, estudos apresentam novos conceitos sobre os mecanismos fisiopatogênicos da homeostase do sistema respiratório e a possível disbiose em estado de algumas doenças, como fibrose cística, DPOC, asma e doenças intersticiais. Essa quebra de paradigma do conhecimento da microbiota presente nos pulmões fez com que se torne premente entender melhor o papel do microbioma para identificar possíveis alvos terapêuticos e abordagens clínicas inovadoras. Através desse novo salto de conhecimento é que os resultados dos estudos preliminares poderão ser traduzidos em benefícios aos nossos pacientes.


Subject(s)
Humans , Dysbiosis/immunology , Microbiota/physiology , Immune System/microbiology , Lung/microbiology , Lung Diseases/microbiology
6.
São Paulo; s.n; s.n; 2018. 148 p. graf, tab.
Thesis in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-883222

ABSTRACT

Human milk is recognized as the main component for growth, metabolism, and immune development in infants. Furthermore, during lactation, human milk is an important source of microorganisms for the intestinal colonization of newborns. Mother-related factors have been associated with the human milk microbiota composition. Nevertheless, apparently, there has not been any study in which the maternal diet was evaluated as a modulator of the human milk microbiota. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the impact of the maternal diet on the human milk microbiota composition of healthy women, and subsequently, to evaluate the effect of fructooligosaccharides supplementation on the human milk microbiota. This study consisted of two parts; the first was a cross-sectional study, including 94 lactating women recruited at the University Hospital of the University of São Paulo (HU/USP), to investigate the association between the maternal nutrient intake during pregnancy and lactation over the first month and the human milk microbiota. The second part consisted of a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial with 53 lactating, classified as FOS group (n = 28), which received 4.5 g of fructooligosaccharides + 2 g of maltodextrin or placebo group (n = 25), which received 2 g of maltodextrin, over a period of 20 days. The DNA was isolated and used as template for amplification and sequencing by the Illumina MiSeq® System. Overall, the maternal diet during lactation ("short-term" food intake) influenced specific bacterial groups, including positive correlations between polyunsaturated fatty acids/linoleic fatty acids and Bifidobacterium. However, only the maternal diet during pregnancy ("long-term" food intake) was statistically significant (p = 0.02) for the clustering analyzes (community structure analyzes), in which higher levels of vitamin C intake during pregnancy was related to cluster 2, driven by the Staphylococcus genus. After the intervention period on the maternal diet, no differences were found for relative abundance of genera between the placebo and the FOS groups. However, the distances of the trajectories covered by the samples from the beginning to the end of the supplementation was higher for the FOS group (p = 0.0007). According to our results, the maternal age affects the response for FOS supplementation (p = 0.02), though no patterns in the differences of relative abundances were found between the groups. Our results suggest that the maternal diet may influence the human milk microbiota, and the diet during pregnancy is a stronger factor over the bacterial community structure. Minor changes were found by the maternal short-term food intake or the maternal intervention with the prebiotic, and the changes seem to be individual-dependent and influenced by the maternal age, particularly in the intervention study


O leite humano é, reconhecidamente, o principal componente para o crescimento e o desenvolvimento metabólico e imunológico de lactentes. Adicionalmente, durante a lactação, o leite humano consiste em uma importante fonte de micro-organismos para a formação da microbiota intestinal de neonatos. Fatores relacionados à mãe têm sido associados à composição da microbiota do leite humano. Entretanto, poucos estudos avaliaram a dieta materna como componente modulador da microbiota do leite humano. Os objetivos deste estudo foram investigar o impacto da dieta materna sobre a composição da microbiota do leite humano de mães saudáveis e, posteriormente, avaliar a influência da intervenção com fruto-oligossacarídeo na microbiota do leite humano, durante 20 dias de lactação. O estudo foi dividido em duas partes; a primeira parte consistiu de um estudo transversal, com 94 lactantes atendidas no Hospital Universitário da Universidade de São Paulo (HU/USP), a fim de investigar a associação entre o consumo materno de nutrientes durante a gestação e durante o primeiro mês de lactação e a microbiota do leite humano. A segunda parte consistiu em um ensaio clínico, aleatorizado, placebo-controlado, com 53 lactantes, classificadas em grupo FOS, que recebeu 4.5 g de fruto-oligossacarídeo + 2 g de maltodextrina (n = 28) ou grupo placebo, que recebeu 2 g de maltodextrina (n = 25), suplementados por 20 dias. O DNA das amostras de leite foi isolado e utilizado como molde para amplificação e sequenciamento em Illumina MiSeq® System. Em geral, a dieta materna durante a lactação (consumo a curto prazo) apresentou influência pontual sobre diversos grupos de micro-organismos, incluindo correlações positivas entre ácidos graxos poli-insaturados/linoleico e o gênero Bifidobacterium. No entanto, somente a dieta materna durante a gestação (consumo a longo prazo) foi estatisticamente significante (p = 0.02) para as análises de agrupamento das amostras (análises de estrutura de comunidade), sendo o maior teor de vitamina C consumido durante a gestação relacionado ao agrupamento 2, direcionado por maiores populações do gênero Staphylococcus. Após o período de intervenção na dieta materna, não foram encontradas diferenças entre a abundância relativa de gêneros entre os grupos placebo e FOS. No entanto, as distâncias do percurso das amostras do início até o final da suplementação foram maiores para o grupo FOS (p = 0.0007). De acordo com os resultados, a idade materna influencia essa resposta à suplementação por FOS (p = 0.02), embora, não tenham sido encontrados padrões nítidos nas diferenças de abundância relativa entre os grupos. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que a dieta materna consiste em um fator de modulação da microbiota do leite humano, sendo a dieta durante a gestação um fator mais intenso sobre a estrutura da comunidade bacteriana do leite humano. No entanto, o consumo a curto prazo ou a intervenção alimentar com prebiótico sobre a dieta materna apresentou influência pontual sobre a dinâmica da microbiota do leite, ainda que mudanças observadas sejam indivíduo-dependentes e influenciadas pela idade materna, como no caso do estudo de intervenção


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Maternal Nutrition , Microbiota/physiology , Oligosaccharides , Lactation , Clinical Trial , Milk, Human/metabolism
7.
Rev. méd. Hosp. José Carrasco Arteaga ; 9(3): 275-279, Nov. 2017.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1007619

ABSTRACT

El microbioma humano se entiende como el enorme conjunto de microorganismo que habitan de manera simbiótica en los distintos órganos de un individuo sano. Existe evidencia suficiente como para afirmar que la colonización de dichos microorganismo sucede inmediatamente después del nacimiento, e incluso algunos autores sostienen que podría suceder dentro del útero. La cantidad de publicaciones científicas que abordan el tema del microbioma han aumentado exponencialmente en los últimos 5 años dejando claro su papel preponderante en la respuesta inmune y en el equilibro salud enfermedad; afirmando que cambios en su ecosistema en términos de cantidad y calidad se asocia con el inicio o la perpetuación de diversas enfermedades.


The human microbiome is understood as the huge group of microorganisms that inhabit symbiotically in a healthy human. There is enough evidence to affirm that the colonization of microorganism happens immediately after birth, in fact some authors claim that it could happen inside the uterus. The number of scientific publications that address the issue ofthemicrobiome have increased exponentially in the last 5 years,making clearthe predominantrole in the immune response and in the health balance; affirming that changes in the ecosystem in terms of quantity and quality, are associated with the initiation or perpetuation of various diseases.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Microbiota/physiology , Immunity , Bacteria/immunology , Disease/etiology , Fungi/immunology
8.
Belo Horizonte; s.n; 2017. 60 p.
Thesis in Portuguese | LILACS, ColecionaSUS | ID: biblio-943112

ABSTRACT

As leishmanioses são doenças causadas por protozoários do gênero Leishmania e transmitidas pela picada dos flebotomíneos. O estudo da microbiota intestinal de Lutzomyia longipalpis é importante para determinar uma possível influência na competência vetorial desse inseto. In vitro, a ação da microbiota sobre o parasito foi avaliada demonstrando a lise na parede celular de L. infantum chagasi e L. braziliensis, causada por Serratia marcescens. Em estudos realizados in vivo, autores observaram uma redução no número de flebotomíneos infectados com Leishmania mexicana pré-alimentados com Pseudozyma sp., Asaia sp. e Ochrobactrum intermedium. Estes estudos sugerem que a microbiota do vetor pode modular a sua infecção por Leishmania, porém o seu papel ainda não esta claro. O trabalho aqui apresentado teve como objetivo caracterizar e avaliar o papel da comunidade bacteriana intestinal do Lu. longipalpis no desenvolvimento e diferentes espécies de Leishmania spp. Métodos morfológicos e moleculares foram utilizados para identificar e mapear a microbiota intestinal. O DNA das bactérias isoladas foram extraídos, a região 16S amplificada, utilizando-se um iniciador específico para esta região do DNA bacteriano. Em seguida, foram purificados, sequenciados e analisados em bancos de dados. Foram obtidas 60 UFCs (Unidades Formadoras de Colônias) e classificadas taxonomicamente em 10 gêneros bacterianos


A atividade lítica ou efeito in vitro dessas bactérias nativas isoladas de Lu. longipalpis (Gruta da Lapinha) foi analisada por co-cultura utilizando promastigotas de Leishmania (L.) infantum chagasi,Leishmania (L.) amazonensis, Leishmania (V.) braziliensis e Leishmania (L.) major na concentração de 4 x 106 parasitas / mL e incubadas com diferentes gêneros de bactérias na concentração de 1 x 108 UFC / mL. Quando os parasitas foram co-cultivados com o gênero bacteriano Lysinibacillus todos os parasitas de L. infantum chagasi e L. amazonensis morreram em até 24h. L. braziliensis e L. major em até 48h de co-cultivo. Entre 96 a 144 horas, não observou-se a lise de todos os parasitas de L. infantum chagasi e L. amazonensis co-cultivados com Pseudomonas e Enterobacter. As bactérias Pseudomonas, Enterobacter e Erwinia quando co-cultivadas com L. braziliensis e de L. major co-cultivados com Pseudomonas, Enterobacter e Enterococcus. Os gêneros Lysinibacillus e Serratia apresentaram efeitos lítico sobre todas as quatros espécies de Leishmania testadas, abrindo a perspectiva de serem utilizadas em experimentos in vivo


Subject(s)
Animals , Guinea Pigs , Mice , Leishmania/genetics , Leishmaniasis/transmission , Microbiota/physiology , Psychodidae/growth & development
9.
Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz ; 111(9): 577-587, Sept. 2016. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-794726

ABSTRACT

Abstract Mosquito midgut microbiota is a key component of vector competence, as gut bacteria can disturb pathogen development. In this study, we addressed the microbiota composition of Aedes aegypti during its lifespan, under field conditions. We also investigated the possible effects of environment, dietary regime and ageing on the gut community composition. We employed culture independent and dependent approaches to characterise vector microbiota. There was evidence of a lifelong stable core microbiota after mosquitoes were released into an urban settlement, where they presumably fed on a range of vertebrate hosts and carbohydrate sources. This core was formed mainly of bacteria belonging to the genera Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, Aeromonas and Stenotrophomonas and to the families Oxalobacteraceae, Enterobacteriaceae and Comamonadaceae. We showed that both dietary regime and age were associated with the abundance of some bacterial groups in the Ae. aegypti microbiota. The majority of the bacterial groups we identified have been detected in the midgut of Ae. aegypti from laboratory and wild populations, indicating a possible core microbiota associated with this mosquito species. Our findings suggest that Ae. aegypti harbours a stable bacterial community during its adult life, similar to mosquito populations from distinct geographic areas, which may be further explored for arbovirus biocontrol strategies.


Subject(s)
Animals , Aedes/microbiology , Bacteria/classification , Diet , Gastrointestinal Microbiome , Insect Vectors/microbiology , Bacteria/genetics , Bacteria/isolation & purification , DNA, Bacterial/genetics , DNA, Ribosomal/genetics , Microbiota/physiology
10.
Int. j. odontostomatol. (Print) ; 9(3): 349-356, dic. 2015.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-775457

ABSTRACT

La caries es una enfermedad infecciosa, transmisible y multifactorial, que conduce a la pérdida de minerales reversible o irreversible de los tejidos duros susceptibles del diente, por acción de productos ácidos provenientes de la fermentación de los hidratos de carbono de la dieta por la actividad metabólica del biofilm adherido a la superficie dentaria. Aunque tradicionalmente se ha considerado al Streptococcus mutans como el responsable de la enfermedad, actualmente otras bacterias, denominadas no mutans, se han asociado con el inicio, progresión y actividad de la enfermedad en esmalte, dentina y cemento radicular. Para profundizar el estudio de la diversidad bacteriana oral asociada a caries dental se han aplicado diversas metodologías, dentro de las cuales destaca el estudio del metagenoma oral. Este nos permite estudiar comunidades bacterianas completas mediante el análisis del DNA, en un determinado ambiente sin necesidad de aislar y cultivar las especies, entregando información sobre la diversidad taxonómica y filogenética de estas comunidades. Existen diferentes métodos de análisis de la diversidad bactariana, entre los que tenemos el análisis del ARNr 16S mediante electroforésis, PCR, microarreglos, secuenciamiento de última generación, entre otros. El estudio del metagenoma oral ha permitido identificar especies que no han podido ser aisladas por métodos convencionales, además de identificar su presencia o ausencia en las distintas etapas del desarrollo de la enfermedad de caries dental, permitiendo un mejor conocimiento del desarrollo de esta patología. El estudio basado en el metagenoma ha dado a conocer una diversidad microbiana oral inesperada, dando información relevante para la actualización de los conocimientos y así identificar nuevos objetivos terapéuticos. El propósito de esta revisión bibliográfica es exponer los principales resultados que ha aportado el estudio del metagenoma sobre la diversidad microbiana, aplicado específicamente a la comunidad bacteriana oral.


Dental caries is an infectious, transmissible and multifactorial disease, which leads towards a reversible and irreversible loss of minerals found in hard tissues of a tooth, caused by acids from carbohydrates fermentation due to metabolic activity of the biofilm attached to the tooth surface. Although Streptococcus mutans has been thought to be responsible for tooth decay, another bacterium named no mutans has been linked to the beginning, progression and activity of the disease in the enamel, dentine and cement. One of the methodologies put into practice to deepen the study of oral bacteria diversity related to carious cavities is oral metagenome. This methodology allows the study of whole bacterial groups by the analysis of DNA in a particular environment without the need of isolating and cultivating species, providing information about the taxonomical and phylogenetic diversity of these groups. There are different methods to study the bacterial diversity, including 16 S rRNA analysis through electrophoresis, PCR, microarrays, next generation sequence (NGS). The metagenome tool permits to recognize species that have not been able to be isolated by conventional methods. As well as identify its presence or absence in the different stages of the dental caries development, which allows a better understanding of development of the disease. The metagenome-based study has revealed an unexpected oral microbial diversity, giving information relevant to the updating of knowledge and identifies new therapeutic targets. The purpose of this review is to present the main results has brought the study of the metagenome on microbial diversity, applied specifically to the oral bacterial community in health and caries disease.


Subject(s)
Humans , Oral Health , Dental Caries/microbiology , Dental Caries/prevention & control , Microbiota/physiology , Mouth/microbiology , RNA, Ribosomal, 16S , Metagenome
11.
Braz. j. infect. dis ; 18(6): 660-663, Nov-Dec/2014. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-730411

ABSTRACT

During the past decade, studies on the composition of human microbiota and its relation to the host became one of the most explored subjects of the medical literature. The development of high-throughput molecular technologies allowed a deeper characterization of human microbiota and a better understanding of its relationship with health and disease. Changes in human habits including wide use of antimicrobials can result in dysregulation of host–microbiome homeostasis, with multiple consequences. The purpose of this review is to highlight the most important evidence in the literature of host–microbiome interactions and illustrate how these intriguing relations may lead to new treatment and prevention strategies.


Subject(s)
Humans , Gastrointestinal Tract/microbiology , Host-Pathogen Interactions/physiology , Microbiota/physiology
12.
Indian J Exp Biol ; 2014 Nov; 52(11): 1098-1105
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-153796

ABSTRACT

At high altitude (HA) hypobaric hypoxic environment manifested several pathophysiological consequences of which gastrointestinal (GI) disorder are very common phenomena. To explore the most possible clue behind this disorder intestinal flora, the major player of the GI functions, were subjected following simulated hypobaric hypoxic treatment in model animal. For this, male albino rats were exposed to 55 kPa (~ 4872.9 m) air pressure consecutively for 30 days for 8 h/day and its small intestinal microflora, their secreted digestive enzymes and stress induced marker protein were investigated of the luminal epithelia. It was observed that population density of total aerobes significantly decreased, but the quantity of total anaerobes and Escherichia coli increased significantly after 30 days of hypoxic stress. The population density of strict anaerobes like Bifidobacterium sp., Bacteroides sp. and Lactobacillus sp. and obligate anaerobes like Clostridium perfringens and Peptostreptococcus sp. were expanded along with their positive growth direction index (GDI). In relation to the huge multiplication of anaerobes the amount of gas formation as well as content of IgA and IgG increased in duration dependent manner. The activity of some luminal enzymes from microbial origin like α-amylase, gluco-amylase, proteinase, alkaline phosphatase and β-glucuronidase were also elevated in hypoxic condition. Besides, hypoxia induced in formation of malondialdehyde along with significant attenuation of catalase, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase activity and lowered GSH/GSSG pool in the intestinal epithelia. Histological study revealed disruption of intestinal epithelial barrier with higher infiltration of lymphocytes in lamina propia and atrophic structure. It can be concluded that hypoxia at HA modified GI microbial imprint and subsequently causes epithelial barrier dysfunction which may relate to the small intestinal dysfunction at HA.


Subject(s)
Acclimatization/physiology , Altitude , Animals , Hypoxia/etiology , Hypoxia/metabolism , Hypoxia/physiopathology , Atmosphere Exposure Chambers , Atmospheric Pressure , Bacteria, Aerobic/enzymology , Bacteria, Aerobic/isolation & purification , Bacteria, Anaerobic/enzymology , Bacteria, Anaerobic/isolation & purification , Bacterial Proteins/metabolism , Catalase/analysis , Digestion/physiology , Enzymes/metabolism , Feces/physiology , Glutathione/analysis , Ileum/enzymology , Ileum/metabolism , Ileum/ultrastructure , Lipid Peroxidation , Male , Microbiota/physiology , Random Allocation , Rats , Stress, Physiological/physiology , Superoxide Dismutase/analysis
13.
Arq. bras. med. vet. zootec ; 66(5): 1504-1512, Sep-Oct/2014. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-729751

ABSTRACT

Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar a produção e composição das bactérias e protozoários ruminais de bovinos alimentados com glicerina. Cinco bovinos machos, providos de cânulas ruminais, foram distribuídos em delineamento experimental quadrado latino (5 x 5). As dietas foram formuladas com a inclusão de 0, 5, 10, 15 e 20% de glicerina na matéria seca (MS). Foram colhidas amostras de conteúdo ruminal nos tempos 0, 2, 5 e 8 horas após a alimentação e, em seguida, separaram-se as frações sólida e líquida para determinação das bactérias líquido-associadas (BLA), protozoários líquido-associados (PLA) e bactérias sólido-aderidas (BSA). Com o acréscimo da concentração de glicerina na dieta, houve redução linear na produção de MS das BLA e PLA (P<0,05). No tratamento sem inclusão de glicerina, as quantidades de MS foram de 1.048,5 e 2.199,5 mg/L para BLA e PLA, respectivamente, enquanto no tratamento com 20% de glicerina foram, respectivamente, 756,9 e 1.619,9 mg/L para BLA e PLA. Além disso, houve redução nos teores de matéria orgânica (MO) e aumento linear do teor de nitrogênio (N) das BLA com o aumento da concentração de glicerina na dieta. A composição dos protozoários não foi alterada em função dos tratamentos (em média 47,3% MO e 7,2% N). A produção das BSA não foi alterada (P>0,05) com o incremento da glicerina na dieta, e os valores médios para as quantidades de MS, MO e N foram, respectivamente, 3.131,0; 2.463,1 e 294,2mg/kg. Houve aumento linear no teor de N das BSA de 10,8 para 11,3% nos tratamentos com 0 e 20% de glicerina, respectivamente. Não foi verificado efeito do tempo de colheita para as BSA, ao passo que, para as BLA, ocorreu redução na produção de MO e nos teores de MO e N. A utilização de altas concentrações de glicerina na dieta de bovinos necessita de maiores estudos, pois há alteração da produção e composição dos microrganismos ruminais...


The aim of this study was to evaluate the production and composition of ruminal bacteria and protozoa in cattle fed with glycerin. Five steers, provided with ruminal cannulas, were distributed in a latin square design (5 x 5). Diets were formulated to contain 0, 5, 10, 15, or 20% of glycerin on dry matter (DM) basis. Rumen content samples were collected at 0, 2, 5 and 8 hours after feeding that were separated in solid and liquid phases to determine the amount of liquid associated bacteria (LAB), liquid associated protozoa (LAP) and particle-associated bacteria (PAB). With the increase of glycerin concentration in the diet there was a linear reduction in DM production of LAB and LAP (P<0.05). In the treatment without glycerin the amount of DM was 1048.5 and 2199.5 mg/L for LAB and LAP respectively, while in the treatment with 20% of glycerin it was respectively 756.9 and 1619.9 mg/L for LAB and LAP. Furthermore, there was a reduction in the content of organic matter (OM) and a linear increase in nitrogen (N) of LAB with increasing concentration of glycerin in the diet. The composition of protozoa was not altered by the treatments (average 47.3% OM and 7.2% N). The production of PAB was not affected (P>0.05) by the increasing dietary glycerin and mean values for the quantities of DM, OM and N were respectively 3131.0, 2463.1 and 294.2 mg/kg. There was a linear increase in N content of PAB from 10.8 to 11.3% for treatments with 0 and 20% of glycerin respectively. There was no effect on harvest time for PAB, while for LAB there was reduction in OM production and in OM and N contents. The use of high concentrations of glycerin in the cattle diet requires further study, because there are changes in the production and composition of rumen microorganisms...


Subject(s)
Animals , Diet/veterinary , Glycerol/analysis , Microbiota/physiology , Rumen , Animal Feed/analysis , Animal Feed/adverse effects
14.
Pesqui. vet. bras ; 34(10): 1024-1028, out. 2014. ilus, graf, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-730550

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this study was to establish reference values for selected ophthalmic diagnostic tests in New Zealand rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). A total of 22 adult male rabbits were used. The ophthalmic tests included evaluation of tear production with Schirmer tear test 1(STT1) and Endodontic absorbent paper point tear test (EAPPTT) using two different commercial brand materials. Applanation tonometry, Culture of the conjunctival bacterial flora, , conjunctival cytology and conjunctival histology were also performed. Mean (±SD) for STT1, EAPPTTa, EAPPTTb and IOP was 7.27±2.51mm/min, 12.43±1.69mm/min, 15.24±2.07mm/min, 12.89±2.80mm Hg, respectively. Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus sp. and Bacillus sp. were predominant. The cytological evaluation revealed the presence columnar epithelial cells, superficial squamous keratinized cells, lymphocytes, heterophils, red blood cells, mucus and bacteria. The histological analysis revealed a stratified epithelium, characterized by the presence of columnar epithelial cells with a large number of goblet cells. The reported data can be used for therapeutic or experimental purposes.


O objetivo deste estudo foi estabelecer valores de referência para testes diagnósticos oftálmicos em coelhos da raça Nova Zelândia (Oryctolagus cuniculus). 22 coelhos, machos, adultos foram utilizados. Foi mensurada a produção lacrimal através do teste lacrimal de Shirmer 1 (TLS1) e da Tira endodôntica de papel absorvente (EAPPTT) de duas marcas comerciais distintas. Tonometria de aplanação, identificação da microbiota conjuntival, , citologia e histologia conjuntival também foram realizadas. A média e desvio padrão do TLS1, EAPPTT1, EAPPTT2 e pressão intraocular foi 7,27±2,51 mm/min, 12,43±1,69 mm/min, 15,24±2,07 mm/min e 12,89±2,80 mmHg, respectivamente. Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus sp. e Bacillus sp. mostraram-se predominantes. A citologia conjuntival evidenciou a presença de células epiteliais colunares, células escamosas superficiais queratinizadas, linfócitos, heterofilos, células sanguíneas, muco e bactérias. A histologia revelou epitélio estratificado caracterizado pela presença de células epiteliais colunares com grande número de células caliciformes. Os achados deste estudo poderão ser utilizados com fins terapêuticos ou experimentais.


Subject(s)
Animals , Rabbits/anatomy & histology , Tears/physiology , Microbiota/physiology , Eye/anatomy & histology , Intraocular Pressure/physiology , Reference Values , Diagnostic Techniques, Ophthalmological/veterinary
15.
Arq. bras. endocrinol. metab ; 58(4): 317-327, 06/2014. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-711630

ABSTRACT

A microbiota intestinal, adquirida no período pós-natal, é composta por grande diversidade de bactérias que desempenham diferentes funções no hospedeiro humano, entre elas a absorção de nutrientes, proteção contra patógenos e modulação do sistema imune. O conteúdo bacteriano intestinal ainda não é totalmente conhecido, mas sabe-se que é influenciado por fatores internos e principalmente externos que modulam sua composição e função. Estudos indicam que a microbiota intestinal difere em indivíduos magros e obesos e ainda naqueles que mantêm hábitos alimentares diferentes. Há evidências de que as relações entre dieta, inflamação, resistência à insulina e risco cardiometabólico são em parte mediadas pela composição de bactérias intestinais. Conhecimentos sobre a microbiota poderão reverter em diferentes estratégias para manipular as populações bacterianas e promover saúde. Esta revisão aborda a relevância do conhecimento sobre o papel de fatores ou padrões alimentares na composição da microbiota, assim como mecanismos fisiopatológicos de doenças metabólicas crônicas e as potencialidades de prebióticos e probióticos sobre o perfil de risco cardiometabólico.


The gut microbiota obtained after birth is composed of a large range of bacteria that play different roles in the human host, such as nutrient uptake, protection against pathogens and immune modulation. The intestinal bacterial content is not completely known, but it is influenced by internal, and mainly by external factors, which modulate its composition and function. Studies indicate that the gut microbiota differs in lean and obese individuals, and in individuals with different food habits. There is evidence that the relationship between diet, inflammation, insulin resistance, and cardiometabolic risk are, in part, mediated by the composition of intestinal bacteria. Knowledge about the gut microbiota may result in different strategies to manipulate bacterial populations and promote health. This review discusses the relevance of understanding the role of dietary factors or patterns in the composition of the microbiota, as well as pathophysiological mechanisms of chronic metabolic diseases, and the potential of prebiotics and probiotics on the cardiometabolic risk profile.


Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , Feeding Behavior/physiology , Intestines/microbiology , Microbiota/physiology , Angiopoietins/metabolism , Diet, High-Fat/adverse effects , Glucose Metabolism Disorders/etiology , Hypertension/etiology , Lipid Metabolism Disorders/etiology , Lipopolysaccharides/metabolism , Obesity/etiology , Prebiotics , Probiotics , Risk Factors
16.
Biol. Res ; 47: 1-6, 2014. graf, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-950763

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Marine invertebrate-associated microbial communities are interesting examples of complex symbiotic systems and are a potential source of biotechnological products. RESULTS: In this work, pyrosequencing-based assessment from bacterial community structures of sediments, two sponges, and one zoanthid collected in the Mexican Caribbean was performed. The results suggest that the bacterial diversity at the species level is higher in the sediments than in the animal samples. Analysis of bacterial communities' structure showed that about two thirds of the bacterial diversity in all the samples belongs to the phyla Acidobacteria and Proteobacteria. The genus Acidobacteriumappears to dominate the bacterial community in all the samples, reaching almost 80% in the sponge Hyrtios. CONCLUSIONS: Our evidence suggests that the sympatric location of these benthonic species may lead to common bacterial structure features among their bacterial communities. The results may serve as a first insight to formulate hypotheses that lead to more extensive studies of sessile marine organisms' microbiomes from the Mexican Caribbean.


Subject(s)
Animals , Porifera/microbiology , Anthozoa/microbiology , Acidobacteria/physiology , Sympatry , Microbiota/physiology , Phylogeny , Porifera/classification , Symbiosis/physiology , RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/analysis , Caribbean Region , Geologic Sediments/microbiology , Proteobacteria/classification , Proteobacteria/physiology , Anthozoa/classification , Biodiversity , Mexico
17.
Gut and Liver ; : 237-241, 2014.
Article in English | WPRIM | ID: wpr-31105

ABSTRACT

Alcoholic liver disease is a leading cause of morbidity and liver-related death worldwide. Intestinal bacterial overgrowth and dysbiosis induced by ethanol ingestion play an important role in the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease. After exposure to alcohol in the lumen, enteric bacteria alter their metabolism and thereby disturb intestinal homeostasis. Disruption of the mucosal barrier results in the translocation of microbial products that contribute to liver disease by inducing hepatic inflammation. In this review, we will discuss the effects of alcohol on the intestinal microbiome, and in particular, its effects on bacterial metabolism, bacterial translocation and ecological balance. A better understanding of the interactions among alcohol, the host and the microbiome will reveal new targets for therapy and lead to new treatments.


Subject(s)
Humans , Bacterial Translocation/physiology , Central Nervous System Depressants/metabolism , Ethanol/metabolism , Intestines/microbiology , Lipopolysaccharides/physiology , Liver Diseases, Alcoholic/microbiology , Microbiota/physiology , Permeability
18.
Arch. argent. pediatr ; 111(6): 0-0, dic. 2013.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-694696

ABSTRACT

La comunidad de microbios que vive en el tracto gastrointestinal de una persona, denominada microbiota intestinal, cumple una importante función en la salud: estimula el sistema inmunitario, protege de la invasión por patógenos y obtiene energía de los nutrientes. Los cambios en la confguración de la microbiota alteran la homeostasis huésped-comunidad microbiana y repercuten en la salud. En el presente trabajo se comenta cómo se adquiere la microbiota, cuál es su dinámica desde el nacimiento hasta la vejez, cómo es la relación bidireccional que la microbiota establece con los seres humanos, y su repercusión en la salud, la enfermedad y la biodisponibilidad de los medicamentos.


Subject(s)
Child , Humans , Gastrointestinal Tract/microbiology , Microbiota/physiology , Microbiota/drug effects
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